However, it has several adverse effects especially for young populations. Pharmacotherapy is currently the main treatment for pain relief, with, e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Moreover, several physiological responses, such as plasma cortisol levels, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate, may also be triggered by the unpleasant experience or emotional state of pain. Pain may lead to fear, anxiety, depression, and behavioral and cognitive changes. Pain has significant impacts on both physical and psychological well-being of newborns, infants, and children. In conclusion, our analysis provides supportive evidence about the efficacy of MI, especially classical, kids’, and pop music, in controlling prick, procedural, and postoperative pain in the pediatric population. As for music styles, significant analgesic effects were observed for classical music ( p < 0.001), kids’ music ( p < 0.001), and pop music ( p = 0.001), but not for world music ( p = 0.196), special composition ( p = 0.092), and multiple music combinations ( p = 0.420). In subgroup analyses of types of pain, MI had significant effects on prick pain ( p = 0.003), chronic and procedural pain ( p < 0.001), and postoperative pain ( p = 0.018). MI significantly reduced heart rate (SMD = −0.50, p < 0.001) and respiratory rate (SMD = −0.60, p = 0.002) and increased peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SMD = 0.44, p < 0.001). MI significantly decreased the pain levels (SMD = −0.57, p < 0.001), both in the newborn group ( p = 0.007) and in the infant/children group ( p < 0.001). A total of 38 RCTs involving 5601 participants met the selection criteria. Subgroup analyses with age groups, types of pain, and music styles were conducted. Standardized mean difference (SMD) values and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effect model. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and vital signs. We performed a systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with the keywords “pain” AND “music therapy” from inception to January 2022. However, no meta-analysis has yet been published on the analgesic effects of MI in infants and children. Music intervention (MI) has been applied as an effective adjunctive treatment for pain control in various clinical settings.
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